Streams

Metaphors

• Email Inbox: There is something in there now, and more may be added later. You can observe the stream to see new emails.
• Water Pipe: The pipe represents a future flow of water. Water flows out of a supply pipe or flows into a drain pipe.

Operators

• << — Insertion cout << "data"
• >> — Extraction cin >> variable

Buffers

Where does the content go once it is inserted into a stream? Into a Buffer

Is the programmer in control of flushes? No

Some Stream Instances

Manipulators

Affect how the insertion << and extraction >> operators work.

Manipulators work by overloading the << & >> operators.

Decimal Manipulators

See zyBook Table 10.2.1: Floating-point manipulators

Text Manipulators

See zyBook Table 10.2.2: Text-alignment manipulators

Exercise

Table of Contents

1. Alphabet..................10
2. Numbers...................15
3. Biographies...............25
4. Theory of Everything......50
5. Conclusion..............1000

Index......................1001

• Page numbers are aligned in their final digit
• Each line is 30 characters wide
• Empty lines after “Table of Contents” and before “Index”

Buffer Manipulators

See zyBook Table 10.2.3: Buffer manipulators